Research

Resources

We have compiled some links to external resources about the industry's standards, as well as health impacts of natatorium air quality problems. Trichloramine, trihalomethane, and other disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have shown to case various health concerns with people. These are several of the studies done.  Sources listed here are deemed credible by virtue of their publishers: Government agencies like the CDC, EPA, and NIH, as well as many universities and science journals.

Every pool is different, but these byproducts are an issue worldwide.

As mentioned many times on our website, the challenge is communication between design teams, facility owners and operators. If everyone prioritizes indoor air quality, and designs the natatorium properly, these issues can be prevented.

If you have chloramine problems in an existing facility, or you are building a new natatorium, please contact us.

Standards of Care

Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments - World Health Organization (WHO)

ASHRAE §62.1 - Indoor Air Quality - ASHRAE

Ion Mobility Spectrometry to Monitor Trichloramine in Indoor Pool Air - ACS

Chloramines and Pool Operation - CDC

Healthy Water: Model Aquatic Health Code Annex - CDC

Dynamics of gas-phase trichloramine (NCl₃) in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities - Purdue University

21st Century Pool Design Guide - Desert Aire Corp.

Indoor Pool Design Guide - Seresco Dehumidifiers

Disinfection Byproducts, Standards and Health Effects - CMAHC, CDC

ASHRAE 62.1: The IAQ Procedure and LEED - EPA

The Air Quality Issue (2013) - USA Swimming

Health Studies

Exposure to Trichloramine and Respiratory Symptoms in Indoor Swimming Pool Workers - European Respiratory Journal

Occupational Asthma caused by chloramines in indoor swimming pool air - European Respiratory Journal

Occupational Exposure to Trichloramine and Trihalomethanes in Swedish Indoor Swimming Pools: Evaluation of Personal and Stationary Monitoring - NIH

Exposure to Chloroform in Persons Frequenting an Indoor Swimming Pool - NCBI, NIH

Chloramines: Understanding the Pool Smell - American Chemistry Council

Early life swimming pool exposure and asthma onset in children – a case-control study - NIH

Nitrogen Trichloride Haz-Map Facts - NIH

Health risk as a consequence of exposure to trihalomethanes in swimming pool water - NCBI, NIH

Trihalomethane formation during swimming pool water disinfection using hypobromous and hypochlorous acids - ScienceDirect, DOI

Pathways of trihalomethane uptake in swimming pools - NCBI, NIH

Occurrence and simulation of trihalomethanes in swimming pool water: A simple prediction method based on DOC and mass balance - ScienceDirect, DOI

Concentrations of disinfection by-products in swimming pool following modifications of the water treatment process: An exploratory study - ScienceDirect, DOI

Occupational Exposure to Trichloramine and Trihalomethanes in Swedish Indoor Swimming Pools: Evaluation of Personal and Stationary Monitoring - Oxford University

"Lifeguard lung": endemic granulomatous pneumonitis in an indoor swimming pool. - NCBI, NIH

High rates of respiratory problems linked to indoor lifeguard work - Reuters

Health effects associated with indoor swimming pools: A suspected toxic chloramine exposure - ScienceDirect, DOI

Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools - Purdue University, ScienceDirect

Swimming Pools and Asthma - Michigan State University